Psychologist Robert Stoller, a concept in 1968 to promote his American counterparts as early as the

Whether we should be taught gender theory in school? No! 80 representatives of the UMP (Translator's Note: that French President Nicolas Sarkozy's party, referred to as l'UMP) loud cries. This 80 representatives to withdraw personal "gender identity" reference. These references to the angle of inclination to explain the cultural and social environment "gender identity" in this issue, more than from a biological point of view to explain the new svt textbooks. The controversy caused the French view of the contradictory relationship between gender studies. Gender Studies: a birth in the research areas of the United States, and never was considered a radical approach, associated with feminism, gay and transgender persons. In fact, the gender theory is neither an ideology nor a goal, but a cross-disciplinary research areas. We can trace its origins, clara barton elementary development, and how it is referenced and its importance.
Psychologist Robert Stoller, a concept in 1968 to promote his American counterparts as early as the 1950s, has been used, in order to understand this concept had some patients, the body and identity separate case. Thus, according to this concept, between gender (gender, and that masculin féminin) and biological sex (le sexe, namely homme and femme), clara barton elementary the absence of a direct correlation. 1972, due to the French anthropologist Liweishituo (Claude Lévi-Strauss) on the basis of the study of natural and cultural, the British clara barton elementary sociologist Anne Oakley distinction between sex (le sexe) and sex (gender) on the physiological culture .
American scholars reject a common set of controls: Women and nature (mainly because of women's reproductive capacity); male and culture. Anthropologist Sherry Ortner 1974 article published in the sensational article, which is used particularly sharp words: "? Women and men, whether that is natural and culture" in anthropology, Margaret Mead was the first one in 1930 it's beginning to reflect gender clara barton elementary roles anthropologist this issue. Gender and personality traits based on physiological men, women, and designated study gender roles of each person, so that we can get out of purely biological sex determined by the nature of this stage.
Once gender (gender) and biological sex (le sexe) is distinguished researchers will focus on the relationship between men and women. American historian clara barton elementary Joan W. Scott led us to transcend between men and women, the gender of a simple opposition. This opposition is considered "problematic" and become an object of study. If the opposition between clara barton elementary men and women is a problem, it is because between the two, there is a domination clara barton elementary of another power relations.
However, if the gender (gender) is regarded as a social construct of a sudden, it's not even a physiological gender, or more difficult to imagine a natural essence. Historian Thomas Laqueur shows the biological sex (le sexe) is constructed clara barton elementary historically characterized its relationship with gender (gender) of. In "Sex manufacturing" (1992), a book, Thomas Laqueur presented clara barton elementary evidence to show that the coexistence of these two students clara barton elementary of the physical system (more precisely, is the first of a domination of the second). For a long time, the body is considered neutral, while women are considered to be "low men." However, go to the 19th century, there is a gender-based differences in physiological systems built.
Biological sex (le sexe) once as gender (gender) like, become a cultural nature, behavior (la sexualité) has become a new investigator reflection object. French philosopher Chuan Ke crucial influence (especially his work in the 1980s when the US translation). Therefore, analysis of gender and power, link up, sex has become a discourse, and behavior (la sexualité) and social norms (normes) are linked up.
In the late 1980s, we see the beginning of institutionalized. Sociologists borrow the term psychology and medicine, these terms spread to other disciplines, such as history. No sex before becoming an analysis tool, the history of women's history and notes at the same level this situation does not exist. Even the nature of women in a manner shown, that is, women have always been showing some female-specific, immutable characteristics, such as emotional. Gender analysis, some so-called anima brought a moment of enlightenment, and that women are essentially a feature of society. Therefore, gender studies enabled us to understand the female body, and those of social construction characteristics specified history, just as the social construction of these historical specify the same in men. If gender studies, women were able to "see", it also implies that men are no longer neutral clara barton elementary and universal, but rather a "gender" of individuals. From the beginning of this observation, we can develop the history clara barton elementary of man and men, especially the US magazine led by Michael Kimmel "Men and Masculinities".
Others, such as the United States, Gayle Rubin and Judith Butler, clara barton elementary shows the relationship between the sexes, clara barton elementary not only implies that sex between classes, but also implies a normative instruction. In 1984, Gayle Rubin expanded theory of reflective state, beyond clara barton elementary erotic sadism or masochism these areas. Judith Butler in 1990, attempts clara barton elementary to propose an interdisciplinary vision, the study covers the female, gay, lesbian, etc., and other sexual minority (les minorités sexuelles) will not be of approximately the first two categories . For Judith clara barton elementary Butler, if the biological sex as gender, are cultural in nature, the latter being understood clara barton elementary as a discussion of gender performativity (un discours performatif), in which we can intervene, certain social habits and thus can also be amended .
This analysis framework to expand the small minority (les minorités sexuelles) research, such as gay, lesbian or transgender people. Gender studies clara barton elementary may exist, possibly because oppression is not only in women who dominate not just from men but from heterosexual system. Research gay men and heterosexual women, and subsequent theories stress that we want to analyze is: Is there a gender normative standards imposed on the body. Therefore, as a female, lesbian circumstances can a gender perspective clara barton elementary to analyze, as a person, as an exception, you can use the standard specification point of view to analyze the same. Queer movement and the chance clara barton elementary to play in accordance with established needs, gender identity multiplicity.
Similarly, the American historian George Chauncey clara barton elementary study gay culture in New York during World War II. This work effectively transcends gender, sexual state. clara barton elementary He shows how we transition from one system to another gender, that depends on male / woman identity (except for the two men exhibit negative behavior will be condemned outside) from homosexual relationships, the transition to being homosexual heterosexual clara barton elementary love Criticism clara barton elementary of the social system. In the second case (corresponding to the current period), all homosexual behavior because they will suffer condemnation. Historians also pointed out that the two systems coexist in contemporary New York, some Latino district in New York, people continue to operate dual gender (un binarisme de genre) system.
"Sexual relations" (rapports de sexe) or "of social relations" (rapports sociaux de sexe) the expression language is too vague criticism of the concept of gender researchers longtime favorite. The vocabulary and materialist feminism is close. The latter affected by the Marxist school of the first generation of the 1970s, people have sociologist Christine Delphy, Nicole-Claude Mathieu and Colette Guillaumin. They join the ranks of some American scholars undermine social structure, primarily through the housework is a woman's duty to question this action.
Christine Delphy reflection center, is the persecution issues such as social structures. clara barton elementary She opposed a poorly nature and identity of the eyes, which look to have women as a specific anima, homogeneous group. She overthrow clara barton elementary original question: positive temperament (la masculinité) and negative qualities (la féminité) can not explain the gender and class domination, at least biological sex (le sexe) can not explain the gender (gender). The male population and female population, clara barton elementary only to be constructed by the following reasons: the social hierarchy system architecture is the first principle, and other social institutions to extend this principle to the first; likewise, the gender of the given physical sex characteristics, physiological Sex itself does not contain any sense.
Really started to integrate the concept of gender in France, in the mid-1990s. The EU was concerned with gender issues and study how to effectively solve the problem of equality. Since 1993, the debate on sex work as a political camp. So, Janine Mossuz-Lavau since the beginning of the 1970s, the study of women the right to vote, the right to vote and stand for election clara barton elementary in that the relationship between gender studies and political camps became close.
In France, both in history, clara barton elementary anthropology and today most of the social sciences, gender has become a hotspot universities, as in the United States. The concept has been excessive use seems to have lost its power and inspiring struggle of value, that is, it no longer makes us on this classic clara barton elementary issue, discover new clues or propose a new look. Interested in the subject of young researchers in France, but has a more passionate, they get rid of the unions and political activists before clara barton elementary hinder their understanding of the subject studied predecessors clara barton elementary of z